The affective state of the horse refers to its overall mood—whether it's feeling optimistic or pessimistic about engaging with the world. A horse in a positive affective state is more likely to try new responses and explore its environment. A horse in a negative affective state may appear dull, withdrawn, or shut down, and is less inclined to engage or attempt something new.

But it's also important to consider the emotional state of the horse, which differs from its affective state. While affective state is about the horse's longer-term mood or outlook, emotional state refers to the horse’s immediate, situation-specific reactions—such as fear, frustration, excitement, or relief. These moment-to-moment emotional responses can influence, and be influenced by, the horse’s broader affective state over time.

Most of the training we do with horses relies on negative reinforcement—removing pressure the moment the horse gives the desired response. When this release is timed correctly, it supports learning and builds trust. However, adding positive reinforcement, like a wither scratch or food reward, can help shape both the horse’s emotional response in the moment and its broader affective state. The horse begins to associate learning with good feelings—not just relief.

But no matter which type of reinforcement you use—negative or positive—the critical factor is timing. Poorly timed reinforcement can cause confusion, frustration, or even shutdown, regardless of whether you're adding something pleasant or removing pressure. Getting this timing right is what ensures your horse stays open, engaged, and willing to learn.